Manahoac Indians Meherrin Indians Monacan Indians Nahyssan Indians Nottaway Indians Occaneechi Indians Powhatan Indians Saponi Indians Shawnee Indians Indians of this tribe were settled for a time in the Sbenandoah Valley. Source: Commonwealth of Virginia, William and Mary built the Brafferton building in 1723 to educate Native Americans, in Powhatan's paramount chiefdom, after werowances died and their flesh decayed the bones were wrapped and retained in temples The First Families, albeit poorer than before, maintained social and political leadership. The descriptions of the early explorers include overt and hidden value judgments that shade our current understanding of the lifestyles of the First Virginians. [1] and from Swanton's The Indian Tribes of North America [2]. Death 23 Jul 1676 - Varina . Virginia, United States. Etsitty - This surname means to pound. from L to R: Rappahannock Chief Anne Richardson, Nottoway Chief Lynette Lewis Allston, Upper Mattaponi Assistant Chief Frank Adams, Pamunkey Tribal Member Ashley Atkins, Cheroenhaka (Nottoway) Chief Walt Brown, Upper Mattaponi Chief Kenneth Adams, Governor McDonnell, Mattaponi Chief Carl Custalow, Patawomeck Chief Robert Green, Monacan Chief Sharon Bryant, Chickahominy Assistant Chief Wayne Adkins But scholars have used archaeological, linguistic and anthropological research to learn more about the cultures and lives of Native Americans in the region. The English collected ethnological information about the local Croatan tribe, as well as related coastal tribes extending as far north as the Chesapeake Bay. The Rappahannocks initiated plans to build a cultural center and museum. As the years passed, the number of Brafferton students decreased. Source: Library of Congress, Virginia / discovered and discribed by Captayn John Smith, 1606. In 1994, the tribe again submitted a letter of intent to petition. The Virginia Indian Company was to hold a government monopoly on the thriving fur trade. The Powhatan sealed relationships such as trading agreements and alliances via the kinship between groups involved. [25], In 1693 the College of William and Mary officially opened. The treaty reinforced the yearly tribute payments, and a 1680 annexe added the Siouan and Iroquoian tribes of Virginia to the roster of Tributary Indians. [11], "The South of England to Virginia: Distressed Cavaliers and Indentured Servants, 164275", "Fielding Excursus: The William and Mary Quarterly", "Fielding and Davis Notes. After struggling to gain recognition from the state and federal governments, six tribes gained Congressional support for recognition. In some other American Indian societies, the secret name was so personal that an ill-disposed person, on learning it, could work sorcery by saying a spell with the name in it. A mother's maiden name might be used as a "middle name", to document that part of the person's ancestry. In the spring of 1567, the conquistador Juan Pardo was based at Fort San Juan, built near the Mississippian culture center of Joara in present-day western North Carolina. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. By 1607 Powhatan bore several adult names. [53], On July 28, 2011, the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs ordered the Senate version of the bill "to be reported without amendment favorably. Before the Civil War, a person could legally qualify as white who had up to one-quarter (equivalent to one grandparent) African or Indian ancestry. [14], In 1607, when the English made their first permanent settlement at Jamestown, Virginia, the area of the current state was occupied by numerous tribes of Algonquian, Siouan, and Iroquoian linguistic stock. Many such early settlers in Virginia were called Second Sons. The tribe filed a complaint that has yet to be addressed by the Bureau. Federal legislation to provide recognition to six of Virginia's non-reservation tribes was developed and pushed over a period of 19 years. Rolfe had become prominent and wealthy as the first to successfully develop an export cash crop for the colony with new varieties of tobacco. (In the more modern mercantile economy of the north, social mobility became more prominent. The population of Powhatan Indians today in total is estimated to be about 8,5009,500. No women and no slaves (male or female) could vote. [6] Modern scholars instead place this first Spanish colony within US boundaries as having been on an island off Georgia. later told tribal leaders that they had lost the Ani-Stohini/Unami petition; they said that during the American Indian Movement takeover of the Interior Building in 1972, many documents were lost or destroyed. The treaty required the Powhatan to make yearly tribute payment to the English of fish and game, and it also set up reservation lands for the Indians. It was not until after Pocahontas converted to Christianity and married Englishman John Rolfe in 1614 that peace was reached between the two peoples. "As early as 1660, every seat on the ruling Council of Virginia was held by members of five interrelated families," writes British historian John Keegan, "and as late as 1775, every council member was descended from one of the 1660 councillors. Pocahontas (15951617), a Native American, was the daughter of Chief Powhatan, founder of the Powhatan Confederacy. Although these names had specific meanings, most were not translated by English colonists at Jamestown, and many of those meanings have been lost. Some of them like the Locklears come out with south Indian blood from India. On February 17, 2011, two bills that would grant the six non-reservation Virginia Indian tribes federal recognition were introduced in the 112th Congress, one in the Senate (S.379) and one in the House of Representatives (H.R.783). The Chickahomony were independent of the Powhatan. In some cases, longstanding ties among families in England were carried to the new colony, where they were reinforced by marriage and other relations. The 17th-century historian William Strachey thought since bark was harder to acquire, families of higher status likely owned the bark-covered houses. Below the fall line, related Algonquian groups, who were not tributary to Powhatan, included the Chickahominy and the Doeg in Northern Virginia. "The crisis of missing and murdered Indigenous women (or MMIW) has plagued Native communities since the age of European colonization and it continues to this LinkedInSatara Charlson PhD, MSW: Native American Women Keep Turning Up Dead. Shortly after 1700, the Rappahannock tribe lost its reservation; the Chickahominy tribe lost theirs in 1718, and the Nansemond tribe sold theirs in 1792 after the American Revolution. He wanted to punish English encroachments on Indian lands and hoped to run the colonists off entirely. Source: LearnNC, Theodor de Brys engraving Indian Charnel House (from Thomas Hariot's 1588 book A Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia), when Augustine Herrman produced his map sixty years after the English landed at Jamestown, Native Americans had been forced off the Peninsula to towns north of the York and Pamunkey rivers (NOTE: map is oriented with North to the right) Docs. Other names might follow as his proficiency in hunting and war grew, and when the young man became initiated into manhood and then performed a truly outstanding feat as a warrior, the tribal chief gave him yet another name to memorialize his deeds. Translation for Native Americans meeting first Enlishmen in Virginia Captain Nathaniel Basse, arrived in 1622 on the Furtherance (probably at Jamestown) and founded the Isle of Wight in 1607 (that's what Ancestry says.perhaps it was given to him from the Englishmen who made land decisions - maybe a company supporting this exploration . Others are less well-known, like Vinson or Spotted Horse. The Monacan told Lederer they had taught the Tacci to plant maize. The Shawnee and Cherokee claims remained, however. The early English were not necessarily "New Age, sensitive kinds of guys" who made anthropologically-neutral observations. She became an important symbol of friendly Native American-English relations of the Jamestown colony. This expedition destroyed the Chisca village of Maniatique. Powhatans successors, his two younger brothers Opitchapam (or Otiotan) and Opechancanough, did so in mid-1621, when they were in their seventies. [18] The unusual physical characteristics of the skeleton may demonstrate just the naturally wide range of skull sizes and shapes within the Native American population living in the Pacific Northwest 9,000 years ago. With the emancipation of enslaved people during the Civil War and the consequential loss of slave labor, Virginia plantations struggled to turn a profit. The traveling band whose descendants ultimately occupied North and South America may have been just 70 people. [citation needed]. Today, there are a lot of picks that have a rich history and a deep meaning. We can be positive about one thing, however: the first Virginians did not arrive in the Susan Constant, Godspeed, and Discovery in 1607. Many Virginia Indian families held onto their individual lands into the 20th century. According to Strachey, the names of Virginia Indians had specific Algonquian meanings, most of which have been lost with the language. Native Americans attacked it in 1571 and killed all the missionaries.[9]. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 145. They adopted modern agricultural technology and co-opted rich "Yankees" into their upper-class, rural horse-estate society.[3]. Anthropologists use primarily archeological evidence to speculate on the settlement patterns and seasonal cycles of hunting and gathering by family groups and bands of different sizes, from the Paleo to . A mailing list for anyone with a genealogical interest in the Native American tribes of West Virginia. Source: Library of Congress. Southern Iroquois people trading and living in this area of Virginia and North Carolina also included the Meherrin, Tuscarora and, further west, the Cherokee. For example, do you assume the ability to read and write (literacy) is fundamental to intelligence? Maybe Shenandoah really does mean Daughter of the Stars, but evidence for that claim is thin. It is a branch of the Buffalo Ridge Cherokee, a tri-racial band in Amherst County, Virginia, whose members can trace their Eastern Siouan ancestry back to the late 1600s. The following year the Native Americans were forced to make further land concessions, extending into Kentucky. The first European explorers in what is now Virginia were Spaniards, who landed at two separate places several decades before the English founded Jamestown in 1607. [45], On March 9, 2009 the Thomasina E. Jordan Indian Tribes of Virginia Federal Recognition Act of 2009 was sent to the House Committee on Natural Resources. Black Dutch is a term with several different meanings in United States dialect and slang. Recent studies in the last 30 years show clear evidence that there was a pre-Clovis culture, one that arrived in North America as early as 15,000-20,000 or so years ago. Ramey, Rasnick, Reaves/Reeves, Revels, Richardson, Roberson/Robertson/Robinson, Russell, Sammons, Sampson, Sawyer, Scott, Sexton, Shavis, Shepherd/Shephard, Short, Sizemore Smiling, Smith, Stallard, Stanley, Steel, Stevens, Stewart, Strother, Sweat/Swett, Swindall, Tally, Taylor, Thompson, Tolliver, Tuppance, Turner, The tribes had struggled to be recognized, against issues of racial discrimination. Source: Library of Congress, The first Thanksgiving 1621 (J.L.G. The power of the elite was muted by newcomers who gained wealth in the market economy.). He sent a detachment under Hernando Moyano de Morales into present-day Virginia. The English colonists noted the practice in passing and lost interestto their cost. [1] All paid tribute to a paramount chief (mamanatowick) or Powhatan, whose personal name was Wahunsenecawh. "[52], The two reservation tribes, the Pamunkey and Mattaponi, are not part of the federal recognition bill. The next time someone argues about the discovery of America by the Vikings from Scandinavia, or suggests the English had a legitimate claim on the area by Right of Discovery because it was unoccupied by any Christian prince, or challenges the presence of immigrants from foreign nations - remember that Virginia was discovered and occupied first by people who did not speak English. By late in the 18th century, the Brafferton Fund was diverted elsewhere. Given the history of Virginia as a slave society, he wanted to keep the white "master race" "pure." (See Washington) Lee and Smyth: Collins, Gibson (Gipson), Moore, Goins, Ramsey, Delph, Bunch, Freeman, Miso, Barlow, Bolden (Bolin), Mullins, Hawkins.Chiefly Tennessee Melungeons." Scott: Dingus. In the absence of Smith, Native affairs fell to the leadership of Captain George Percy. The Shawnee captured Fort Seybert (now in West Virginia) in April 1758. Preservation Virginia, formerly known as the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, was founded in Williamsburg in 1889 to memorialize Virginia history. US - Southwest. With the Seneca action, the Virginia Colony became de facto neighbours of part of the Iroquois Five Nations. If you visit one of the colonial Virginia mansions, tour guides will talk about the Carter, Lee, Randolph, Bolling, and occasionally even the Grymes family as "First Families of Virginia" (FFV's) The FFV's were the gentry - the white, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant gentry - who governed the economic, social, and political life of colonial Virginia between 1607-1776. "The crisis of missing and murdered Indigenous women (or MMIW) has plagued Native communities since the age of European colonization and it continues to this Satara Charlson PhD, MSW on LinkedIn: Native American Women Keep Turning Up Dead. Sadly, if someone wants to belong to a particular tribe, he or she may be forced to deny their "other" connections . Cherokee -- Mostly associated with North Carolina and points south and west. By the time she was about eight, and due to the particular marriage customs instituted by her father, the paramount chief Powhatan, Pocahontas joined a huge household of stepmothers and half-siblings. Women were responsible for butchering the meat, gutting and preparing the fish, and cooking shellfish and vegetables for stew. (December 1943), An act declaring who shall not bear office in this country (October 1705), An act declaring what persons shall be deemed mulattoes (October 1785), An Act to amend and re-enact the 9th section of chapter 103 of the Code of Virginia for 1860 (1866), An Act to amend and re-enact section 49 of the Code of Virginia, 1887 (1910), Colored Persons and Indians Defined (1924), Letter from Walter A. Plecker to Turner McDowell (September 27, 1937). Here are the most common Cherokee surnames. Every year around Thanksgiving they hold a ceremony to pay the annual tribute of game, usually a deer, and pottery or a ceremonial pipe. The mystery is beginning to unfold, thanks to genealogical DNA tests. Those recorders were not 100% neutral; they had been thoroughly exposed to the religious and political bias of their time. As they were separated by water from Powhatan's domains, the Accawmacke enjoyed some measure of semi-autonomy under their own paramount chief, Debedeavon, aka "The Laughing King". Tutelo1 English. McDonnell (November 2012) [46] On December 23, 2009 the bill was placed on the Senate Legislative Calendar under general orders. That year the Virginia Colony had expelled the Doeg from Northern Virginia east of the fall line. The site was later was developed as the present-day town of Saltville, Virginia. Federal recognition of these tribes would compensate for some of the historic injustices they suffered under Virginia government, and recognize their continuing identities as Virginia Indians and American citizens. Subscribe to this website and receive notification each time a free genealogy resource is newly published. Generally, members must pay dues; attend tribal meetings (which are usually monthly in the "home" areas); volunteer to serve as a tribal officer when asked; help to put on tribal events; belong to the tribal church (if one exists and they are able); teach their children their people's history and pass on traditional crafts; volunteer to represent the tribe at the Virginia Council on Indians, the United Indians of Virginia, or at other tribes' powwows; speak at engagements for civic or school groups; and live in a good way, so as to best represent their tribe and Native Americans in general. Critical thinking skills are required when someone states anything related to Virginia before 1600 as "true." Chiefs, such as Powhatan, often took new names when assuming power and sometimes even changed their names again after that. Walter Ashby Plecker, the first registrar of the state Bureau of Vital Statistics (1912-1946) and a proponent of eugenics, was one of the act's most vocal supporters. By virtue of many fictional accounts, her marriage was romanticized and became part of the mythology of early American history.[6][7]. Her proper, publicly given name was Amonute, which cannot be translated today. The physical evidence still available for study - shards of pottery, animal bones, postholes of houses, etc.- are subject to interpretation. In 1887, following the Reconstruction era after the Civil War, Virginia Governor Wyndham Robertson wrote the first history of Pocahontas and her descendants, delineating the ancestry of FFV families including the Bollings, Clements, Whittles, Blands, Skipwiths, Flemings, Catletts, Gays, Jordans, Randolphs, Tazewells, and many others. As of 2010, the state has recognized a total of 11 tribes, eight of them related to historic tribes that were members of the Powhatan paramountcy. In 1996, a skeleton was discovered on the Columbia River in the Pacific Northwest. Edgar. Today we're going to take a look at native American surnames and how they can represent the family's heritage. [citation needed] The Rappahannock tribe was recognized by the State of Virginia. In 2009 the governor established a Virginia Indian Commemorative Commission to develop a plan to run a competition for a monument to be located in Capitol Square to commemorate Native Americans in the state. That law mandates that ancient human bones must be turned over to the most closely-allied tribe for reburial. 6.4.1 Top 10; 6.4.2 Others; 6.4.3 Non-native names; 6.5 Hopi surnames; 6.6 Hualapai/Havasupai surnames; 6.7 Other surnames . All of the Commonwealth of Virginia used to be Virginia Indian territory. Follow Cyndi | About Cyndi | . Because of their long history of interaction with European Americans, only two tribes had retained control of reservation lands established during the colonial period. Your FREE genealogy starting point with more than 317,000 genealogy links, categorized & cross-referenced, in more than 200 categories. Encyclopedia Virginia, Virginia Humanities. A rolled mat served as a pillow. (See Lee County.) For over 50 years, scholars thought the first artifacts documenting human settlement in North America were stone tools crafted in the style of the Clovis culture. Native American last names Pocahontas (1595-1617), a Native American, was the daughter of Chief Powhatan, founder of the Powhatan Confederacy.According to Mattaponi and Patawomeck tradition, Pocahontas was previously married to a Patawomeck weroance, Kocoum, who was murdered by Englishmen when Samuel Argall abducted her on April 13, 1613. The assembly stated English colonists could not settle on Indian land without permission from the governor, council, or commissioners and land sales had to be conducted in quarter courts, where they would be public record. Their migration took place from the settlement of Jamestown through the English Civil War and English Interregnum period (16421660). It generally refers to racial, ethnic or cultural roots. In addition, the Monacan Nation has tribal membership of about 2,000. The Native Americans under Powhatan's control would have used the name Powhatan's River for just the last 30 or so years. The history of the Monacan Indian Nation who occupied the western portion of the state is well worth remembering and discussing. [20] Their competition for land and resources led to the First Anglo-Powhatan War. 100 Charlottesville, VA 22903 (434) 924-3296. With all the Native nomenclature you'd think their culture thrives there. While a boys mother continued to call him by an affectionate childs name, his father watched him perform on hunts and then bestowed a new young mans name. It is possible that just one single family group may have been the source for all the Indians who were "discovered" by the Europeans.2, More likely, multiple hunting/gathering bands brought genetic diversity to the Western Hemisphere, and the different groups arrived at different times before the end of the last Ice Age. Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty Land Warrants, 1859 List of Munsee from Leavenworth County Kansas, 1876-1878 Pacific Coast Business Directory, St. Charles Countys Participation in the World War, Oglethorpe University Publications Online, Maryville High School Yearbooks, 1919-1977. This ancient Anglo-French surname recorded in the spellings of Palmer, Palmar, Parmer, Paumier, and the dialectals Pymar, Pymer, and Pimer, is a medieval descriptive nickname. Their children may have been of mixed race but they identified as Indian. These multiple names did not follow the English pattern of first name, middle name, and surname, however. Even assumptions about Native American origins for Virginia place names are changing. Although these names had specific meanings, most were not translated by English colonists at Jamestown, and many of those meanings have been lost. ", on John Smith's map, the James River was labeledPowhatan's flu (flu=river) In Virginia, there are three Native American linguistic groups - Algonquin, Siouan and Iroquoian. Asians who crossed the Bering Land Bridge walked east and south, following new territory for hunting game. Lower sea levels exposed the land now under the Bering Sea. The best-known ones are the Navajo, Cherokee, Apache, and Sioux. About 30 Algonquian tribes were allied in the powerful Powhatan paramount chiefdom along the coast, which was estimated to include 15,000 people at the time of English colonization. The inference is that Wahunsenacawh (also written Wahunsunacock) was Powhatans most-recent personal name. They were made from bent saplings lashed together at the top to make a barrel shape. Opechancanough's successor, Necotowance signed his people's first treaty with the English in October 1646.[22]. A Student's Guide to Native American Genealogy. Most were unions of Whites and free Blacks. After 1997, when Delegate Harvey Morgan's bill HB2889 passed to correct this injustice, any Virginia Indian who had been born in Virginia could have his or her records changed for free to indicate identity as Virginia Indian.[25]. But it doesn't. Most Indians long ago forsook the Eastern Shore altogether and moved far north. The oldest male son inherited the majority of the family wealth, a pattern known as primogeniture. Washington: Beverly, Barlow, Thomas, Hughes, Lethcoe, Worley. As a researcher and family historian, I was excited when a . After Captain John Smith was captured in the winter of 1607 and met with Chief Powhatan, relations were fairly good. 5 General Native American (Amerindian) surnames; 6 Native American surnames from a specific tribe. This was the last battle between these tribes within the present limits of Virginia. Below, you will find a compilation of various data regarding the Elks surname (and variant spellings), including census records, deeds, headright information, wills, etc. They captured a Native man, possibly from the Paspahegh or Kiskiack tribe, whom they named Don Luis after they baptized him. Conflicts between the peoples continued for the next 10 years, until a tenuous peace was reached. The following list of indigenous people who have lived in West Virginia has been compiled from Hodge's Handbook of American Indians. Roanoke County: Beverly. They wanted to demonstrate that the Powhatan Indian descendants had maintained their cultural identity and were proud of their heritage. Chaske is another surname from Native America and refers to the 'first born son.' 22. Those immigrants may have come directly from Siberia, following the game through fields and marshes exposed as the sea level dropped. This was a much more stringent definition than had prevailed legally in the state during the 18th and 19th centuries. Getting Here and Getting Around - Native American Transportation in Virginia, The Second Anglo-Powhatan War (1622-32) and the Wooden Wall Across the Peninsula, The "War Aims" of Powhatan and the English, Native American Gaming/Gambling in Virginia, Treaties Defining the Boundaries Separating English and Native American Territories in Virginia, State Recognition of Native American Tribes in Virginia, Federal Recognition of Native American Tribes in Virginia, Historic Tourism Related to Native Americans, A Quiet Revolution: Origins of Agriculture in Eastern North America, Aboriginal and Remnant American Indians of Holstonia. The treaty was intended to assert that the Virginia Indian leaders were subjects of the King of England. Strachey writes it means little wantonand wanton in Stracheys time not only meant sexually bawdy; it also had overtones of cruel and undisciplined. Many colonists considered the Proclamation Line adjusted in 1768 by the Treaty of Hard Labour, which demarcated a border with the Cherokee nation running across southwestern Virginia, and by the Treaty of Fort Stanwix, by which the Iroquois Six Nations formally sold the British all their claim west of the Alleghenies, and south of the Ohio. With both sides raiding in attempts to sabotage supplies and steal resources, English and Powhatan relations quickly fell apart. Recent sponsors of such Federal recognition bills have been Senator George Allen, R-Va and Rep. Jim Moran, D-Va. Indian children also had nicknames. "The crisis of missing and murdered Indigenous women (or MMIW) has plagued Native communities since the age of European colonization and it continues to this Satara Charlson PhD, MSW LinkedIn: Native American Women Keep Turning Up Dead. [citation needed], In 1658, English authorities became concerned that settlers would dispossess the tribes living near growing plantations and convened an assembly. Conoy Delaware Honniasont Moneton Shawnee Susquehanna [35], The Rappahannock tribe purchased back a part of their ancestral homeland April 1, 2022. (He annihilated the adult male inhabitants at Piankatank in fall 1608.)[10]. Due to the early and extended history, by the post-Civil War period, most tribes had lost their lands and many had suffered decades of disruption and high mortality due to epidemics of infectious diseases. [13] There was little need for extra bedding because a fire was kept burning inside the houses to provide heat in the cold months. Powhatan males, according to Strachey, were expected to earn new names that celebrated their exploits. Their oldest child Mariah Scott was born about 1822 in PA. Virginia Site Yields 15,000-Year-Old Date, Blades 9 Inches Below Clovis Open Window on the Unknown, Micromorphology of the Cactus Hill Site (44sx202), Cattails and Grasses Used by Native Americans for Textiles, Uncovering Traces of Historic Kecoughtan: Archaeology at a 17th-Century Trading Plantation Site in the City of Hampton, Virginia, The Thomas Brown Site, in Fairfax County, Virginia, Saltville Site Has Evidence of 14,000-year-old Feasts, Virginia's First Clovis Site Still Holds Scientific Riches, Chesapeake World-System: complexity, hierarchy and pulsations of long range interaction in prehistory, Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Native American Programs, Ugly, Uncomfortable and Perishable The Archaeology of a Colonial Yeoman's "Hut" in King George County, Virginia, The Archaeology of Castlewood, Chesterfield, Va.1999, Designated Paleoamerican National Historic Landmarks, potential Paleoamerican National Historic Landmarks, Paleoamerican Properties Listed in The National Register of Historic Places, Undesignated Earliest American Properties Inventoried in State Historic Preservation Office Site Files, Eastern States Rock Art Research Association, American Indian Educational Opportunities Program, Divide and Conquer: The "Indian Experiment" at Hampton Institute, Education of Native Americans: Hampton Institute 1878-1923, Historical Archaeology in Loudoun Valley and Harpers Ferry, History of Native Americans in West Virginia, Hutchison Research Center - Amerindian Mound Builders, Indians of North America: Theodore De Bry Copper Plate Engravings, Divided Longhouse: The Six Nations Confederacy and the American Revolution, Lower Eastern Shore (Maryland) Heritage Committee, Middle Atlantic Archaeological Conference, density of sites on the National Register of Historic Places, A Study of Virginia Indians and Jamestown: THE FIRST CENTURY, North Carolina Office of State Archaeology, North Carolina Research Laboratories of Archaeology, Intrigue of the Past: North Carolina's First Peoples, We Have a Story to Tell: Native Peoples of the Chesapeake Region, Outline of Prehistory and History in the Southeastern U.S. and Caribbean Culture Area, Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture, Prehistory of the Upper Cumberland River Drainage in the Kentucky, Virginia and Tennessee Border Region, Six Nations: Oldest Living Participatory Democracy on Earth, A Guide to Resources on the Local Archaeology And Indian History of The Washington D.C. Area, Selected References on the Indians of Virginia, The District of Columbia, And Maryland.

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