Democratic theorists have long been concerned with the proper form of representation in modern governance. American Journal of Political Science, 640652. In her classic work The Concept of Representation, Hanna Pitkin establishes four aspects of representation: formalistic, substantive, descriptive, and symbolic (Pitkin 1967).. Scholars normally define substantive representation as having one's policy views expressed by an elected . Problems to select a suitable method: Information can be . American Journal of Political Science, 511535. (2010). Descriptive research is the right choice when researchers want to describe a phenomenon or situation. An analysis of given workloads in the event of medication errors in nursing was conducted by an exploratory-descriptive study with a quantitative approach. In the following paragraphs, I will describe the behavior I wished to observe in my chosen laboratory, the results that I obtained, and I will have provided a detailed explanation of my observation method used. Spirals of trust? There were pre-determined characteristics that the researchers wrote down on a spreadsheet, however, specific behaviors were recorded as they happened (i.e., the type of reaction that resulted from each person who picked up the card). That prevents incumbents from staying in office, even if 60% of the population has voted against them. Specifically, the data were used to determine if black voters who interacted with a black poll worker on Election Day were likely to be more confident when compared to black voters who interacted with a poll worker of another race/ethnicity. Pros 1. However, what good representation should be is debated. 2-3:30 pm (2005). Desposato, S., & Norrander, B. Here are some of the most important characteristics of descriptive research: In descriptive research, the researcher has no control over any of the variables that affect the event or problem under investigation. The Gender and Conflict initiative unites faculty, students, and researchers at Harvard Kennedy School and beyond to study gender in non-violent and violent social movements and the social and institutional factors influencing the prevalence of gender-based violence. 17 Pivotal Hydroelectricity Pros and Cons, 18 Major Advantages and Disadvantages of the Payback Period, 20 Advantages and Disadvantages of Leasing a Car, 19 Advantages and Disadvantages of Debt Financing, 24 Key Advantages and Disadvantages of a C Corporation, 16 Biggest Advantages and Disadvantages of Mediation, 18 Advantages and Disadvantages of a Gated Community, 17 Big Advantages and Disadvantages of Focus Groups, 17 Key Advantages and Disadvantages of Corporate Bonds, 19 Major Advantages and Disadvantages of Annuities, 17 Biggest Advantages and Disadvantages of Advertising. Scherer, N., & Curry, B. Political Analysis, 20(3), 351368. Part of descriptive statistics is to characterize which model the variable presents to an observer. It creates a system of government where more voices can be heard, but fewer actually receive a listening ear. Page, B. I., Shapiro, R. Y., Gronke, P. W., & Rosenberg, R. M. (1984). Explore a selection of resources that raise the visibility of transgender people and address issues members of the community face. This is particularly true in federal elections when the more than 3,000 counties, parishes, and boroughs in the United States individually conduct elections that are used to determine outcomes for the states in which they are embedded and the nation as a whole. According to CIRT, qualitative research studies can provide you with details about human behavior, emotions, and personality characteristic. Abney, F. G., & Hutcheson, J. D. (1981). In addition to elected officials, descriptive representation can contribute to how legitimate citizens view the actions of bureaucrats (when black citizens are stopped by black police officers, they are more likely to perceive their actions aslegitimate) and encourage involvement in government (when there are more blacks in public institutions, the likelihood ofinvolvement by blacks increases). Sociological Forum, 8(2), 243271. Due to the relatively small number of African Americans in our sample, we report 90% confidence intervals throughout for both white and black subjects. Congress in black and white. It does not provide direct representation to specific communities. (2010). Italy has proportional representation built into their government structures. For example, those living in diverse communities might find 5 black representatives too low, whereas those living in homogeneous white communities might find 5 black representatives too high. Descriptive research is one of the most basic forms of research that can be conducted to gain insights into a particular subject. Hero, R. E. & Tolbert, C. J. Womens Experience with Prescribing Providers? The study included pregnant women that are depressed. Erikson, R. S. (1978). That structure makes it easier for extremist views to find official representation. In a PR system, the congressional districts are much bigger, voters focus more on. Where Are Wind Turbine Blades Made In Texas? 4612. Journal of Politics, 67(2), 407428. Patterns and correlations are clear and visible: Statistical data is data that has already been analyzed and therefore the patterns and correlations have already been done and are clear and visible. However, due to its low precision in forecasting, it is not possible to specify the causes and effects of the phenomenon studied. It allows us to see part of the human mind and how it works and how it interact with others. Interviews for the survey were conducted in all 50 states and the District of Columbia to represent the nation on several demographic characteristics including education, income, race, and partisanship. 2. Thequalityof poll workers,experienceswith voting equipment and technology, andevaluationsof polling locations can all affect how confident citizens are in elections. Carrying out a descriptive investigation that collects data about the political party that people will choose in the next elections, it is possible to predict, with a margin of error, the result that will be obtained in them. (2011) and Berinsky etal. The goal for this study is examine the decision of the prescribing provider when he is inform that a depress woman is pregnant. The tyranny of the majority: Fundamental fairness in representative democracy. As long as a party receives enough of a proportional vote to equal one seat, they will be represented within the government at some level. Amazons mechanical turk a new source of inexpensive, yet high-quality, data? The American Political Science Review, 57(1), 4556. Some of the most important are listed below. Journal of Politics, 72, 90104. This method allows a researcher to watch someones uninhibited reactions compared to surveys or case surveys where you can answer truthfully or untruthfully. One of the biggest advantages of descriptive research is that it allows you to analyze facts and helps you in developing an in-depth understanding of the research problem. Data from the 2016Survey of the Performance of American Elections(SPAE) was used to evaluate the relationship between descriptive representation and confidence. Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive research. The American Political Science Review, 535547. It conforms to what the rest of the world is doing. ; ; . The benefits of descriptive research include that it is a great way to get a snapshot of a situation and can identify trends or patterns. 2. And as I write, significant representation by gender cannot be achieved in any existing polity without some form of quota. It allows us to not only understand human behavior but we can observes animals and even plants if we so desired, although that would be more or less useless including the data. The SPAE is a national survey that is used to gauge the quality of the election experience. New Haven: Yale University press. The main difference between descriptive and substantive representation is that in descriptive representation, representatives have similar backgrounds to the people they represent, whereas, in substantive representation, representatives focus on the issues of a particular group. Representing black interests and promoting black culture: The importance of African American descriptive representation in the US House. The models have parameters which may be useful in understanding the focus of the matter such as a mean, standard deviation of the variable and standard deviation of the mean as examples. Atkeson, L. R., & Carrillo, N. (2007). Researchers often times are faced with the decision of choosing a methodology of research; either Quantitative or Qualitative that they think best fits their study and objectives. Under the system of proportional representation, any party with a high enough percentage of the vote will receive a seat in the government. chambers vs smeg; dr alexander orthopedic surgeon; verbs to describe how a lion moves. The descriptive evaluation is the process of gathering, analyzing and interpreting information using different tools suggest descriptive representation leads to substantive representation in Congress. The American Political Science Review, 165177. It describes the characteristics of a citizens or circumstance being studied. It encourages a coalition government. While it has its pros and cons, it can be particularly useful in identifying trends or patterns. Incumbent. This form of research provides insight on human nature, we are able to understand basic psychological processes from this. When black constituents have black representatives in the U.S. House of Representatives, theyrate their representativeshigher than blacks with white representatives. We would say that a black constituent is descriptively They would indicate a first choice, a second choice, a third, and so forth. Another benefit of descriptive research is that it enables you to determine the behavior of people in a natural setting. Disadvantaged groups gain advantages from descriptive representation in at least four contexts. nebraska softball roster; jacksonville, fl hurricane risk; 0. One of the major challenges in providing quality representation comes from the desire to balance the will of the majority with the needs of political minorities. Read the latest issue. It is discussed in this paper as a means to enhance the declining legitimacy of Dutch works councils as important sites of democratic decisionmaking in their own right. Best for study the effect of an intervention. March 7 That means the representatives are required to build consensus through compromise, which results in moderate, centrist policies instead of sliding to the left or the right. pros and cons of descriptive representation. Constituency, party, and representation in Congress. (Babbie, 2008), The type of research design that is used during this research is known as qualitative research. When voters vote in person, poll workers are the street level bureaucrats charged with complying with local, state, and federal laws, setting up the polling location, checking voters in and verifying voter registration status, providing assistance and remedy when there are problems with the voting machines, responding to citizens concerns and questions, and closing the polling location. Coalition governments are encouraged to compromise and pursue centrist views. Hood III, and Mason Reece, Descriptive Representation in Election Administration. Apr 10, 2015. It allows different voices to be heard. ; . You gain tremendous benefits by working with a random sample drawn from a population.

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